This
Page: Native Tribes of Southeastern and Southcentral Pa; General Overview
A)
Intro to Subject Material [ Natives of SoEastern and SoCentral Penna]:
The Iroquoian & the Algonquian Language Groups
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Recent evidence
suggests first human migrations to the New World from Siberia probably
occurred about 18,000 years ago, not the 30,000 years ago formerly thought
accurate. Radioactive carbon dating has some scientists now purporting
that the entry to the
Americas may have
occured by sea and not across the now submerged strait as has been long
thought . See
footnote three
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At
the time of initial European Contact occuring on the Eastern Seaboard
[see
timeline for colonization]
the native peoples were largely Algonquian [a language, not cultural
definition, they are found indicated in pink in the map at
right below] while the Iroquoian speakers were primarily inland
[and are found indicated in purple ].
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There were many Algonquian
speaking nations and tribes, of whom Canada's Algonquin nation is just
one-The Algonquin nation's own name is frequently found incorrectly used
to refer to the larger language group of which they were a part .
Likewise, there were many Iroquoian speakers, the best known
amongst whom were the Five, & later Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy
[AKA the Iroquois League] with traditional and ongoing heartland
in upstate New York . At the time of initial European contact in
the 16th century and early years of the 17th , the Iroquoian speakers were
primarily found sandwiched between the Algonquian speakers on the Atlantic
seaboard and the Algonquian speakers of the now north central United States
. Refer to map enlargement, viewable by clicking to map at right, for a
full understanding of the Native Americans territorial position at the
time of European contact.
All the native peoples
had traditional enemies. Prior to European contact some had already formed
famous confederacies meant to stregnthen the individual nations and tribes
forming their whole thus protecting each from their common
native foes [ie: The Algonquian speaking
Powhatan Confederacy of Virginia encountered by the
Jamestown colonists in 1607 -studied as part of the Virginia
and Our Virginians Chapter of this site- and the Iroquoian speaking
Confederacy of the Five and Later Six Nations
, also known as The Iroquois Leage or Iroquois Nation.
The
post contact dominance established by the Iroquois League over other
Native Americans encompassed an area far in excess of the league
nation's homelands, and involved subjugation of both
Iroquoian and Algonquian speaking peoples residing in their traditional
homelands at the time of contact [See map to right]. t came
to include the current state of Pennsylvania in entirity , while
it extended far beyond that region. The Iroquois League's history
was vital to the Pennsylvania encountered by our immigrant Europeans
who lived in SoCentral and SoEastern Penna locales .
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Map reflects
Natives at time of contact.
By 1682 and Penn's arrival, this map
would be very different.
Click on map for the map in entirity
and its source details.
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Thus it is that
the Iroquois League of Upstate New York has its own dedicated
page amongst this chapter's discussion of the Native Peoples
of south-eastern and south-central Pennsylvania. The events spurring
Leaque dominance in the Penna of our forebears is vitally and inextricably
rooted in Champlaign's 1609 attack of the Iroquois occuring far north
of Pennsylvania-a contact that exerted its effect through to
the French and Indian War of the 1750s in which the Iroquois remained allied
with the British. The outcome of that war- so far removed from initial
Iroquois League humiliation by the French and the subsequent longlasting
emnification of the French by the Iroquois of the League-came to involve
British colonial dominance of the Ohio Valley , thus opening the possibility
of unfettered expansion of Pennsylvania to its now known entirity
and the United States to its now dominion.
An accurate picture
of early Pennsylvania colonial life involves interactive movement amongst
many cultures. Many threads weave into the tapestry forming the reality
of our first Pennsylvanian forebears . Jane Merritt explains
in her book, 'At the Crossroads' 30 that
" Until 1750, The Indian and white populations were nearly equal outside
Philadelphia, and their relations were relatively fluid. From 1700, a variety
of ethnic groups moved into the region north and west of Philadelphia between
the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers. Delawares,
Germans,
Mahicans,
Scots-Irish,
English, Tutelos,
Shawnees, and
Iroquois
came together to form new communities, sometimes overlapping and sometimes
defiantly separate but invariably connected by interdependent social, economic,
and political networks that drew Indians and non-Indians together."30See
Footnote
Two
While history of
early Pennsylvania & the Natives within it is important regarding the
region and all our Pennsylvanians who pioneered west in Penna to as far
as now Adams County where the most westward of all our Penna ancestors
are found , it holds special meaning to the study of our direct James
Logan and the Logan related surnames among Philadelphia's powerful
& ruling elite. This Subject Title of the Wtihin the Vines website
details the Native American history forming the reality and interface of
our direct forebears of Pennsylvania, all of whom are limited to
south eastern & south central Pennsylvania.
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Footnote
Three:
Timeframe
for the arrival of the Native Americans across the Berring Strait AND
questions regarding
the strait as the entry point for those first Americans
"Researchers studying
genetic signatures of Siberians and American Indians find evidence that
first human migrations to New World from Siberia probably occurred about
18,000 years ago; new evidence undermines arguments for colonization as
much as 30,000 years ago, but reinforces archaeological findings as well
as linguistic theory that most American languages belong to single family
known as Amerind; researchers detected change in DNA sequence of Siberian
men's Y chromosomes that took place just before first of two migrations
into the Americas, second of which seems to have occurred some 8,000 years
ago; findings are published in American Journal of Human Genetics; map
(M)" From Abstract
of article "New World Ancestors lose 12,000 Years" published in The New
York Times July 25, 2003, by NICHOLAS WADE and JOHN NOBLE WILFORD (NYT)
1242 words . Late Edition - Final , Section A , Page 19 , Column 1 .
Presented
in the NYTimes.com Archives.
"Using
radiocarbon dating, scientists found that the Ushki site, the remains of
a community of hunters clustered around Ushki Lake in northeastern Russia,
appears to be only about 13,000 years old -- 4,000 years younger than originally
thought. The new date places the Ushki settlement in the same time period
as the Clovis site, an ancient community found in New Mexico, making it
highly unlikely that people could have traversed the thousands of
miles from Siberia in such a short periodSiberia find melts theory of ice
age migration...
'The new age assessments
may indicate that archaeologists continue to search in the wrong direction
for an answer to Clovis origins,' said Anthony Boldurian, a University
of Pittsburgh anthropologist who subscribes to the relatively new idea
that the first Americans may have used boats to skip across Atlantic ice
floes from Europe, entering North America perhaps as early as 20,000 years
ago.
Other archaeologists,
such as Michael B. Collins from the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory
at the University of Texas at Austin, believe that early humans from the
Japanese archipelago followed whales and other marine food sources across
the Pacific Ocean to North America.'If you open up the possibility of water
routes, even in the glacial maximum, they could skirt around the edge of
the icepack in the North Pacific and come down the West Coast [of America],'
he said. From Siberia
find melts theory of ice age migrationBy Allison M. Heinrichs, Los
Angeles Times, Friday, July 25, 2003 and presented in www.post-gazette.com
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ON TO: Pennsylvania's
Changing Native Powers from Time of Contact . The Effect of Trade: The
Beaver Wars & Iroquois Rise to Dominance within this page
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This
Page: Native Tribes of Southeastern and Southcentral Pa; General Overview
B) Pennsylvania's
Changing Native Powers from Time of Contact to 1682: The Effect of Trade:
The Beaver Wars and the Iroquois League Rise to Dominance
In 1609 France's Champlain introduced
the gun to the Iroquois League when ,
assisted by the traditional Iroquois enemy the Huron, he attacked
them in their heartland. The Alqonguian speaking Huron and Ottawa, aided
by the French and their weaponry, continued to pursue and harrass the Iroquois
of the Iroquois League. The resulting emnification of the French by the
Iroquois League and the understandable Iroquois desire to obtain
and master the weapon used in devastating force against them reached
fecund potency once combined with the league's brillant political
alliance skills and ferocious intimidation techniques. These factors
resulted in Iroquois dominance over a huge portion of the now United States,
the effects of which can not be underestimated in significance to the description
of Pennsylvania encountered by William Penn and our first and subsequent
Pennsylvania immigrants, neither to the balance of power of the French
and English in the New World, the effect of which was felt by many of our
earliest European Pennsylvanians.
With the arrival of the European Colonial
Powers encompassing now Pennsylvania came trade, fractious alliances
, and territorial wars. The Natives provided furs, the Europeans
tools, supplies, and most importantly, guns. Four colonizing powers are
involved in the evolution of the Pennsylvania known to our first Pennsylvanian
immigrants [ the Swedes,
Dutch,
French
and English ] . All four both purposefully
and inadvertantly escalated Native emnities. Colonial competition for native
trade and New World dominance forced power shifts and territorial
reallocation of Native American peoples of now Pennsylvania. So great was
the Native American desire for European goods and guns, and so greedy the
European market for furs, that traditional Native enemies engaged in all
out and exterminating warfare against each other in effort to maintain
top hand in the market place. It took little time for fur scarcity to occur.
By 1640 beavers were nearly extinct in
the Delaware valley, just as the beaver and the otter were nearly extinct
in the Iroquois League heartland. Loss of access to the prized furs
caused continuing pressure of the Native Americans to expand their
territories resulting in local warfares of subjugation and territorial
domination, a sad but inevitable part of the large scale and wholly encompassing
Beaver Wars in which the Iroquois featured dominant.
The Iroquois domination of now Pennsylvania
can be considered Northern to Southern. However, it is also true that in
the century to follow initial European contact, as the Iroquois League
subjugated further southern tribes in regions far south of now Pennsylvania,
the newly involved of the Iroquois aligned were involved in the ever expanding
Iroquois covenant chain , migrating south to north, into and through
Pennsylvania, and always towards the Iroquois League capital
at Onandaga in upstate New York.
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contact, a rapid shift in the pre-contact tribal regions and numbers
[affected also by the introduction of European disease] occured.
This caused the map to right of the Natives
at Initial Contact [able to be viewed in full size by clicking
on its image] to be changed almostly immediately and antiquated entirely
by 1675, seven years before our first immigrant resided in the regions
surronding now Pennsylvania and ten years before the map below was produced
[1685].
The segment of the map below, produced
in 1685 and seven years before our first immigrant resided in the regions
surronding now Pennsylvaniam can be seen in larger
detail for ease of reading. It shows the settlements
of now Pennsylvania [and now Delaware, then part of Penn's colony]
including the new city of Philadelphia [founded 1682] .This map's
elongated
view showing an enlarged north west aspect is found just below.
Brief discussion of the Pennsylvania Influence
of the Swedes, Dutch,
French
and English follows in this page's next
segment . Beyond it , and still within the page, is discussion of
who
was emnified by whom among the natives and colonials of Pennsylvania.
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Click on maps for
enlargements and source details
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This
Page: Native Tribes of Southeastern and Southcentral Pa; General Overview
C) The Four Colonial Powers Influential
to the Formation of the Pennsylvania known to the first European Pennsylvanians:
The Swedes,
The Dutch, The French
and The English
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The Swedes
of New Sweden
, South. These were the first colonizers of the Delaware Valley.
From 1638-1654 New Sweden involved Fort Christina - now Wilimigton, state
of Delaware- and settlements along the banks of the Delaware involving
now states of Delaware, Md, NJ and Pa. In 1654 the Swedes lost their settlements
to the Dutch. Some of their hamlets, and Fort Christina, can be seen in
the map to the right [dated 1685] .
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The
Dutch in the south and North [the only permanent settlement
of which involved New Amsterdam, on Manhattan Island, from which they sent
branch hamlets up the Hudson and to the shores of Long Island Sound and
to the South on the Delaware River]. The Swedes came into collision
with the Dutch on the Delaware and were overpowered by them.
The English collided with, and finally overpowered the Dutch after several
wars. In the mid Seventeenth century the British and Dutch saw each
other as direct competitors and so, several times during this period they
were in conflict. In 1664, Stuyvesant surrendered Fort Amsterdam.
In the same year Fort Orange capitulated as well. Both the city of New
Amsterdam and the entire colony were renamed New York, while Fort Amsterdam
was renamed Fort James and Fort Orange became Fort Albany. The loss of
the New Netherland province led to a second Anglo-Dutch war during 1665-1667.
Dutch gains in this second war were temporary, but of interest beyond the
discussion of Pennsylvania currently occuring is that Dutch war parties
extended as far south as Virginia. The writer's direct ancestor Miles
Cary [among the Pleasant Ascendancy rooted in the Howard
and Allied Surnames detailed in these pages ] was killed by the Dutch
in Hampton Roads [Now the Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News area] during
the Second Anglo-Dutch War and on 10 Jun 1667. With the end of the
Second Anglo-Dutch War [from 1665 to 1667] the Dutch faded entirely from
now United Statesian presence.
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The Frencheffect
on the Pennsylvania of our first immigrants is owed to many factors
over much time but springs in large measure to Champlain's expedition into
Iroquois League territory in 1609. It was during this year
that the Iroquois first understood the devastating effect of the gun. The
decimation of the Iroquois at the hands of the French , who teamed up with
the Iroquois League enemy the Huron in a near fatal attack in that year,
led to the longstanding emnification of the French by the League members
. While settling what we now call Canada, the French also fought vigorously
to establish their dominion over the upper and subsequently the lower Mississippi
(their "La Nouvelle Orleans" was founded in 1718) . French strenous attempt
for control of the Ohio Valley and continued access to the Mississippi
and its waterway upon which in furthest southern aspect lay New orleans
came to involve the disenfranchised natives of Pennsylvania who had been
forced west by the English colonials , and were more than eager to harrass
the Pennsylvania frontier when prompted by the French, and
during the period of the French and Indian War (1754-1760).
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The English
gained New York and the former New Sweden from the Dutch [1664] well
after the first English North American permanent settlement was established
at Jamestown [1607] & Plymouth
Colony established in New England [1622] . William Penn's colony
was established in 1681. At the time of Penn's arrival in 1682, Philadelphia'
s colonization timeline involved Europeans living in caves, while
Fort Christina, which Penn inherited as part of his Delaware holdings
further to the south and the site of present Wilimington, Delaware
, had been the heartland of New Sweden and at the time of Penn's
arrival enjoyed more hospitable residences. New Sweden had been settled
by the Swedes, who also had established small
farming communities along the branches of the Delaware River in the
now states of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The entire
New Sweden Colony had been lost to the Dutch
in 1644. The Dutch held it only briefly, for they lost it to the
English , along with the isle of Manhattan [the only permanent settlement
the Dutch had founded] first in 1664, and following another war, finally
in 1667. In this way then, the area became the English proprietorship known
as Delaware. Understanding that his new province would be landlocked
if the colonies on either side of the Delaware River or Bay were hostile,
Penn's petition to the Crown for the land on the west side of the Delaware
River and Bay below his province resulted in the Duke of York's conveyance
of the land involving now Delaware [the former New Sweden] , and the three
shires pertaining to it in March 1682. Penn created three new shires
in southeastern Pennsylvania to balance his three shires in Delaware,
with Philadelphia the principal port and
regional center. So it is that when Penn arrived in 1682 to see to
the colony he had acquired in 1681, he did not come to a land devoid of
European settlement. Approximately 2,000 European
people lived on the west bank of the Delaware River when Penn
received his charter in 1681 for the land between New Jersey and Maryland
, and 2,000 additional emigres came with Penn in 1682.
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After 1667, only France and England of the
European colonial powers remained to help determine the history of the
Native Americans of Pennsylvania.
Footnote:
In 1692 , just ten years after Penn's
arrival with his vision of a colony devoid of religious intolerance,
the
Witchcraft Hysteria gripped Salem, Massachusetts.
Dutch struggle against England led to
the death of Miles
Cary [among the Pleasant Ascendancy rooted in the Howard
and Allied Surnames detailed in these pages ] during the Anglo
Dutch Wars and by theDutch at Hampton Roads in Virginia [1667]
where he commanded Fort Comfort during the final phase of the Second, but
not last, Dutch Anglo War . Mile's first cousin Nathaniel Cary was son
of Mile's uncle, an early settler of Charleston, Massachusetts, and Nathaniel's
wife
Elizabeth was one of thefew persons who escaped jail when
imprisoned as an accused witch.
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On To The
Colonial Powers and the Natives of Pennsylvania
This
Page: Native Tribes of Southeastern and Southcentral Pa; General Overview
D) The Colonial Powers and the
Natives of Pennsylvania: Who Emnified Whom , When
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The Colonial
Powers significant to Penna in the post contact phase have been identified
above.
Understanding of
the traditional enemies of the Native Americans, the alliances established
post contact, the shifting fortunes of the colonial powers and the
Native Americans allied or emnified by each has involved the pages
of many legnthy books.
Lee Sultzman, in
his excellent pages entitled
First
Nations Histories , gives detailed account of the culture, homelands,
villages,
alliances, emnities,
and warfare amongst the Natives involved in Pennsylvania history , while
discussing as well the European role in Native American territoriy
and power restructuring occuring before our the year our first immigrant
reached Pennsylvania soil in 1682. It is from those pages, and particularly
Sultzman's History portion of The
Delaware Nation Page, that the following information is annotated.
The reader is strongly
encouraged to access Lee
Sultzman's pages directly. The following brief history is provided
merely to identify the forces forming the Pennsylvania our first immigrant
encountered in 1682 and to describe briefly the decades following
which pertain to the larger number of our Pennsylvania immigrants.
Careful, this is REALLY tricky.
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When the Swedes arrived on the Delaware
River creating New Sweden in 1638 they found the
Lenape/Delaware and the Munsee [traditionally
included in the Delaware nation] subjected to the
Susquehannock. The Dutch, expanding
into the area briefly from their permanent settlement in New Amsterdam,
didn't bother to consult the Lenape/Delaware
and purchased some of Lenape land [in the region of New Sweden] from
the
Susquehannock in 1651, causing the emnification of Lenape/Delaware
to Dutch.
New Sweden was wholly captured by the Dutch
in 1655. That same year war broke out along the upper Susquehanna
River between
the Susquehannock [an
Iroquoian language people ] aided by their subject peoples, the
Munsee [an Algonquian speaking people traditionally associated with
the
Lenape/Delaware Nation] and the Susquehannock 's traditional
enemies the Mohawk [of the Iroquois League].
Deprived of support from the Swedes, who had lost to the Dutch,
the
Munsee [again , an Algonquian people often found associated with the
the
Lenape/Delaware Nation as the most northern among them ] and Susquehannock
[Iroquoian language stock and a traditional enemy of the Iroquois League
Nations] were forced to ask for peace, to which the Mohawk [ of the
Iroquois League] who were also exhausted from the long conflict,
agreed.
The Erie of now Pennsylvania [an
Iroquoian speaking people known as the Cat People from the French name
for them as Du Chat] were soundly defeated by the
Iroquois League in 1656 during the Beaver Wars occuring
in the period of the Iroquois League's Ohio Valley expansion;
The last , nearly invisible group of Erie (by then of now southern Pennsylvania
) did not surrender to the Iroquois League
until 1680. Meanwhile the Dutch of New York were involved in the Second
Esopus War 1663-64, the support for which caused them to call
in the Iroquois League's Mohawks.
Combining with the Seneca [also of the
Iroquois League] the Mohawk destroyed the
Munsee [Algonquian speaking people often found associated with the
Lenape/Delaware] capital at Minisink on the upper Delaware River.
In 1644 Dutch New Netherlands became New York, and the Dutch allied natives
lost their support. For the most part, the the
Lenape/Delaware in the Delaware Valley had not participated in the
Esopus War, not because they had no sympathy for the
Munsee [again with whom the Lenape/Delaware
are traditionally associated ] , but because they had their hands full
helping the Susquehannock [their then
subjugators] in the Susquehannock war with The
Iroquois League. The Iroquois of the
Confederacy first went after Susquehannock
allies by attacking the Lenape/Delaware
villages in the Delaware Valley during the 1660s. In 1661 the Susquehannock
were decimated by smallpox, and the epidemic soon spread with equal devastation
to the Lenape/Delaware [who had always outnumbered
the Susquehannock but had still been
subjugated by that ferocious people] . War and epidemic caused another
massive population loss for the Lenape/Delaware
between 1660 and 1670, but it still took the Iroquois of the
Iroquois League until 1675 to defeat the Susquehannock.
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Under the terms of surrender, Susquehannock
control of the Lenape/Delaware passed to
the
Iroquois League. Forced to pay annual tribute at Conestoga after 1677,
the
Lenape / Delaware became part of the "covenant chain" - an unequal
alliance in which only
the Iroquois of the confederacy
had power or could speak in council. In general, the
Iroquois of the confederacy regarded the Lenape/Delaware,
and other members of the chain as inferiors. As for the once mighty
& ferocious Susquehannock, a few
remnant tribes remained who were known as the Conestoga. In 1682
they were encountered by William Penn who sought treaty with
them, only to find they were subject to the
Iroquois of the League, the Susquehannock's
traditional enemy, with the Lenape/Delaware
, being Susquehannock former subjects,
subjugated to the Iroquois of the League along with them. |
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The Conestoga, a shadow of the great people
that the Susquehannock had once
been, continued in Pennsylvania until the last of them, a wholly
passive and greatly diminished band, were killed by the Paxtang Gang
in Lancaster County. The Lenape/Delaware
though, were the first to sign treaties with William Penn. The exact
relationship of the Lenape to the
Iroquois is a source of historical dispute involving understanding
of the Native American use of the term "woman" as informing of an
entirely subjugated and subservient peoples vs a people serving as peacemaker
and treaty former [ the traditional role of women in the matriarchal society's
involved]. [See Footnote One]
It was the Iroquois who signed the later
treaties ceding all eastern territory of the Lenape/Delaware to their trading
partners, the British. Discussion of the effect and nature of these treaties
can be found in the The Lenape/Delaware
pages. The treaties signed by Penn Heirs and their agents involving
all the land west of the Susquehanna to the setting sun, and , soon after,
the Walking purchase for which sale the Delaware and Shawnee went angrily
to western Pennsylvania [and the land of the French incursion] continued
to haunt the colony. From the Ohio Valley and western Pennsylvania,
and through French support, the disenfranchised of the covenant chain exerted
great damage on the Pennsylvania frontier during the period of the French
and Indian war.
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Table of Contents
On to William
Penn, James Logan, The Penn Heirs and the Natives of Pennsylvania
This
Page: Native Tribes of Southeastern and Southcentral Pa; General Overview
E) William
Penn, The Penn Heirs, James Logan, and the Natives of Pennsylvania
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William Penn visited his colony only
twice, and he never remained there long. James
Logan, direct ancestor to this writer, was Penn's secretary, &
the same James Logan was Penn's steward in the New World from 1699 to the
end of Penn's life. On William Penn's death, Logan continued
service to the Penn heirs; Throughout James Logan's long life he
was arguably the most influential person [and most wealthy]
in the whole of the Pennsylvania colony. William Penn's demand for
diplomacy with the originals added greatly to Pennsylvania's early peaceful
success, for Penn maintained the goal to peace was to treat
directly and fairly with the Indians. On arrival Penn dealt directly with
the resident native population, not their [Iroquois Confederacy] dominators.
But William Penn visited his colony only twice and tarried both times but
a short interval; He left the running of his colony to the his trusted
steward James Logan
. The Penn heirs, facing the reluctance of natives ever more encroached
upon, were not as patient as William himself and diplomacy with the natives
was significantly changed. Through this period, James
Logan remained the Penn family steward in their colony.
James Logan's son William
Logan, also of Philadelphia, continued in his father's tradition, and
was a loyal employee of Penn Heirs. Were it not for William's death at
the advent of the revolution, he would certainly have been imprisoned as
a Tory, so uncompromised was his position and intent. James Logan's
son Charles Logan removed to Virginia as primary residence during
the later 18th century and in marriage to Mary Pleasants, a prominant [also
Quaker ] of that state. Their daughter Harriet LOGAN married our
Howard forebear and produced his progeny, thus giving us the now discussed
Logan ascendancy in our Howard and Allied Lines.
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James
Logan [ direct Ancestor ] , and his relationship with the Native
Americans
With the death of
William Penn, the proprietary policy of brokering with the natives resident
[See Treaties with the Natives of Pennsylvania]
and not those claiming domination over them was changed-Conrad Weiser [Influential
Indian Trader] and James Logan
[Penn family steward, surveyor general, most powerful individual in Colonial
Pennsylvania, and direct ancestor detailed in these pages] played key roles
in this evolution. Vital to all of Pennsylvania's treaties with the natives
until his death, James Logan
often entertained hundreds of natives at his home "Stenton" in Germantown,
now found in greater Philadelphia. Just as he entertained the
Delaware
,
Logan entertained the Iroquois, with
whom, due to the shift in policy occasioned by Penn's more impatient
and greedy heirs, Logan's own interest in continued expansion [as
Surveyor General] saw fruition.
The initial half of the 18th century in
Pennsylvania involved many members of the extended Iroquois covenant chain,
some of whom were living in their ancestral homelands in Pennsylvania,
some of whom were forced to relocation in or beyond Pennsylvania
, and some of whom were migrating through and tarrying in Pennsylvania
from their former lands while moving slowly towards the Iroquois heartland
in New York.
Chief
Shikellamy was sent from the Iroquois capital to live in east
central Penna in order to provide a presence assuring that no warfare
or hostility occured to interrupt trade between the Iroquois League and
their covenant members with the Iroquois trading partners,
the British. James Logan,
always an able diplomat with the natives of many nations, was a close
friend to Iroquois
Chief Shikellamy , acknowledging and reinforcing the chief's
purpose involving the ever expanding Iroquois League's chain and
uninterrupted trade.
Chief
Shikellamy did ensure that peace, but he also signed
away lands to the pressing English that were the in fact ancestral home
of the Iroquois subjugated
Delaware/Lenni Lenape
and their kindred people. The Walking Purchase , negotiated shamefully
by James Logan, is perhaps
the most influential factor causing the Delaware/Lenni
Lenape and their allied nations to terrorize the Pennsylvania
frontier to benefit of the French during the later French and Indian
War, despite Iroquois league loyalty to the
British, Lenni Lenape subjugation by the Iroquois,
and the removal of the Lenni Lenape to western
Pennsylvania and the Ohio Valley still well within the mighty arm's reach
of the Iroquois League.
James
Logan, Conrad Weiser and Iroquois
League interest in placating their trading partners
the British despite damage to the covenant chain by unfair practice regarding
the League's lesser members , all gave impetus to the
policies evident in the treaties signed post William Penn's death,
which in fact involved lands of other Native Americans resident in
the portions of Pennsylvania involved [See Shawnee
, Munsee and Delaware
Indians] . Logan had no small role in the planning and execution
of both the Purchase of "All Lands West of the Susquehanna" from the Iroquois
in 1737 and The Walking Purchase.
of 1738. As Surveyor General of the colony, he also had significant
hand in the manner in which white settlement occured. His friendship
with the Iroquois Chief
Shikellamy,caused that Chief to name a younger
son for him. One of those Chief's olders sons would also become known
[ incorrectly and for white confusion in regards to which of the chief's
sons recieved the name of the Chief's white friend] as the
angry, Mingo Chief Logan. Comfortable with white culture and always
living near it, the murder of Chief Logan's family by white settlers
in the region of now Ohio led to his radicalization, warfare against white
settlers, and ultimate murder by his own confused & beleaguered
people. |
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of Subject
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Table of Contents
On to William
Penn, James Logan, The Penn Heirs and the Natives of Pennsylvania
G)
The Natives WithinThe Pennsylvania of our European Forebears in General
The Following is From "At the Crossroads"
by Jane T Merritt
Footnote
Two:
"From the first meeting of the Lenni Lenapes
with William Penn, purported to have taken place under an old elm tree
at Shackamaxon in October 1682, Indians in the mid-Atlantic region negotiated
a common space with European settlers along a shifting frontier where roads
both literally and figuratively passed through and between communities,
connecting their lives and histories. Here, well-established Indian paths
and newly laid colonial roads crisscrossed the landscape, often overlapping.
These roads brought travelers along valley floors nestled between the ridges
of what Delawares called the Kittatinny, or Endless, Mountains, which linked
Iroquoia in the north with the gateway to the Chesapeake Bay. Eventually
white inhabitants of New York would use these same paths to reach central
Maryland and Virginia. The waterways that connected the Susquehanna and
Delaware Rivers to each other and to more distant passages of the Great
Lakes region snaked through narrow ravines in the mountain ridges, thus
providing all who lived in the mid-Atlantic with commercial networks for
trade and travel. Indian trails, with names such as the Tulpehocken Path,
Nanticoke Path, Allegheny Path, and the Warriors' Path, which passed through
wind and water gaps in the mountains, connected communities or provided
specific people with access across the frontier. During this period, roads
brought together many groups of immigrant peoples who tried, if somewhat
imperfectly, to understand each other.[3]...
Before 1750, the frontier was relatively
openóakin to what Marvin Mikesell and later John Mack Faragher have called
"frontiers of inclusion." It was a region on the fringes of empire, between
but not yet dominated by the imperial influences of Great Britain and France.
The Indian and white populations were nearly equal outside Philadelphia,
and their relations were relatively fluid. From 1700, a variety of ethnic
groups moved into the region north and west of Philadelphia between the
Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers. Delawares, Germans, Mahicans, Scots-Irish,
English, Tutelos, Shawnees, and Iroquois came together to form new communities,
sometimes overlapping and sometimes defiantly separate but invariably connected
by interdependent social, economic, and political networks that drew Indians
and non-Indians together.[4] " 30:: sample
chapter of At
the Crossroads Indians and Empires on a Mid-Atlantic Frontier, 1700-1763by
Jane T. Merritt [book content , availability and sample chapter viewable
and obtained via The University
of North Carolina Press]
|
 |
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Table of Contents
footnote
one: On the relationship of the Iroquois to the Lenape and about the Mingo
According to Tuomi J. Forrest , and referring
us to Francis Jennings for the information, the actual relationship between
the Iroquois and the Lenape has been misunderstood, and the situation of
the various treaties with these peoples confused as a result. "Penn
and his agents began the process of buying land from its Native 'holders'.
These holders were various Delaware chiefs, and not as legend
has it the Iroquois.Despite the fact that
this (mostly) New York State Confederacy of the 'Five Nations' had defeated
the Delaware,
they did not have the powerthe sell the
land. As Francis Jennings points out, this misreading of the situation
resulted from the fact
that the Delaware played the role of peacemaker
among various quarreling tribes. As Native women often mediated disputes,
the Delaware held the position of the 'woman' in this arrangement. Europeans
wrongly assumed that the 'woman' position signified
a lack of rights and lack of power. However,
theywere correct in assessing that the Iroquois held the most power, though
Penn
thought that politics, at least dealing
with Indians,were local so he favored the less militarily powerful Delaware.
" 3
"The Lenape (Deleware) word for Iroquois
is Mengwe. Literally this translates as the glans penis. Assuming the Lenape
were not being derisive, then this term may come from the seventeen and
eighteenth social situation.....In order to assure that the Lenape
behaved themselves, Onondagah sent colonies of Iroquois to live among
them. These colonists became the Mengwe or Mingos".15
These are a people associated with Pennsylvania
and Ohio history during the time of the Lenape removal further west,
and involving our direct Quaker forebear
James
Logan. See Mingo Indians, Detailed above.
Map Detail Enlargement: CLICK FOR FULL SIZE AND SOURCE DETAIL
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Back to Pennsylvania
and the Fur Trade
Sources
for This Page:
1. State Museum of
Pennsylvania.
Brief
Summary of the 1681 Charter.
2. From text within
the York
County History Pages of York
County Webpages.
3. Penn
and the Indians
page of site entitled " William Penn. Visionary Proprietor" by
Tuomi J. Forrest
4 Indians,
Sources, Critics by Will J. Alpern (Prudential-Bache Securities). Presented
at the 5th Cooper Seminar, James Fenimore Cooper: His Country and His Art
at the State University of New York College at Oneonta, July, 1984. ©1985
by State University of New York College at Oneonta ["may be downloaded
and reproduced for personal or instructional use, or by libraries" ] Originally
published in James Fenimore Cooper: His Country and His Art, Papers from
the 1984 Conference at State University of New York College -- Oneonta
and Cooperstown. George A. Test, editor. (pp. 25-33)
5. Kittanning-pa.com
6. SUSQUEHANNOCK
HISTORY part of First
Nations, Issues of Conesquence pages. Lee Sultzman
7. SUSQUEHANNOCK
HISTORY, Lee Sultzman. Part
of First
Nations Histories
8.Information
on the Susquehannock Indians from Pagewise
9. Delaware
History by Lee Sultzman.. Part of First
Nations Histories
10. Where
are the Susquehannock now? part of the pages of BrokenClaw.com
12.
Native
Americans Post Contact:, from The
Mariners Museum, Newport News, Va pages
13. .
Internet School Library Media Center,Monacan
Indians page.
14. AN
AMERICAN SYNTHESIS The Sons of St. Tammany or Columbian Order . [ the
footnotes evident in the text takent from "an American Synthesis" can be
accessed at the link given in source
15. Iroquois
.
By: Joe Wagner, with references provided.
16. The
Iroquois. by Lee Sultzman. Part of First
Nations Histories
17 William
Henry Harrison and the West , part of Dr James B. Calvert's pages
at University of Denver Website.
At the time of Penn's arrival in
1682, the Susquehannock were subservient to the Iroquois Confederacy, just
as their enemies and neighbors, the Delaware , were. The Susquehannock
were decimated by war and disease, but the Lenape remained vital.
18. Shawnee's
Reservation a detailed site on Shawnee History
19. Shawnee
History by Lee Sultzman. . Part of First
Nations Histories
20. Marjorie Hudson,
Among
the Tuscarora: The Strange and Mysterious Death of John Lawson, Gentleman,
Explorer, and Writer, North Carolina Literary Review, 1992 [transcribed
at East North Carolina Digital History Exhibits]
21. Chief
Logan: Friend, Foe or Fiction? by Ronald R. Wenning. The
Journal of the Lycoming County Historical Society, Volume XXXVII, Number
1, Fall, 1997
22. Mingo
Indians part of The Allegheny Regional Family History Society's Web
pages
23. Weiser,
Shikellamy and the Walking Purchase By Al Zagofsky
24. Conrad
Weiser from the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
25. The
Walking Purchase from Pennsylvania Historical and Museum
Commission
26. James
Logan , Mingo Indian from The American National Biography, published
by Oxford University Press under the auspices
of the American Council of
Learned Societies.
27. The
Lineage of Mother Bedford from Mother
Bedford , a website devoted primarily to the history of Old-Bedford
County, Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War period.
28. Year
1736. part of the webpage entitled "Ben Franklin :A Documentary
History" by J A Leo Lemay , English Department , Professor University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.
29. Shawnee'
entry from Hodge's Handbook Abstract: The 'Shawnee' entry from Handbook
of American Indians North of Mexico, edited by Frederick
Webb Hodge (Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 30. GPO: 1910.)
30. sample
chapter of At
the Crossroads Indians and Empires on a Mid-Atlantic Frontier, 1700-1763
by Jane T. Merritt [book content
, availability and sample chapter viewable and obtained via The
University of North Carolina Press]
31.
Fort Orange History, part of The New York State Museum Website
32. (New Jersey) Extract from
The Indian Tribes of North America by John R. Swanton. Bureau
of American Ethnology Bulletin 145ó1953. [726 pagesóSmithsonian Institution]
(pp. 48-55). Presented in pages of
the
Northern Plains Archive Project web site.
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