The Lenni Lenape [AKA Lenape or the Delaware] and the Munsee [usually identified with the Delaware but felt perhaps to be in fact a seperated people]  The Lenni Lenape were an Algonquian speaking people who  inhabited the watersheds of the Delaware and the region surrounding the bay into which they emptied, likewise named.  They were present in parts of the now states of New York, New Jersey and Delaware.  The island of Manhattan and the present soil of New York City outside that borough  were originally Lenape territory .   Theirs was a matrilineal culture.  "Lenapehoking" , their homeland,   was an area along the mid-Atlantic coast between the Hudson and Delaware river valleys, and their villages were scattered along the creeks and rivers of New Jersey, southern New York, eastern Pennsylvania and northern Delaware. They were the first people with whom William Penn treated for the land he acquired from England.  The Algonquin speaking Lenni Lenapi  are usually divided into three subtribes that shared general language affiliation but no real political alliance. The Munsee identified  themselves as  Lenape, an ancient Algonquian word roughly translated as "the people" or "the original people'".  Because of the difference in the Munsee dialect from the Unami  and Unalactigo some scholars argue that  the Munsee , with a language more closely related to the more northern Mahican [aka Mohican]  than to the dialect of the Unami and Unalactigo , should not be considered Delaware.   Today there are Indians known as the  Munsee-Mohicans . Some maps [see example]  of Native American Tribes seem to seperate the Delaware ,  Unalactigo and Munsee into seperate people.  The three sub- tribes traditionally assigned as Lenni Lenape, then, and flourishing   pre 1682 [Penn's first arrival]  in regions now including eastern Pennsylvania are:  The Unami  The Unalactigo The Munsee [provided with their own page herein but referred to in the following text on this page]  These three subtribes are discussed in more detail below while the general history of the Delaware precedes their individual introduction.  a .

The Natives  at time of contact. By 1682 and Penn's acquisition and  arrival, this map  would be different

Lapowinsa Lenape Chief  by Gustavus Hesselius 1735 Lenape Trails  which are now Our  Highways [Map] The Minsi Trail followed the paths taken today by PA 309 and PA 412.  The route of the Lenni Lenape Path is covered today by PA 611 and US 202.   The French Creek Path has become PA 29 and PA 23.  Info on trails is  from the  Schuylkill River Webpages   Useful Links Outside These Pages:  Delaware Tribe of Indians Homepage History and The Chiefs of Lenape  From Lenape Nation on the Web The Lenape Language  Lenni-Lenape The "Original People" of the Schuylkill Watershed Lenni Lenape Historical Society Webpages [just info on the Society Itself] The  State Museum of Pennsylvania's Lenape Pages

As stated above, The Lenni Lenape  inhabited the watersheds of the Delaware and the  region surrounding the bay into which they emptied, likewise named.  They were present in parts of  the now states of New York, New Jersey and Delaware . The island of Manhattan and the present  soil of New York City  outside that borough  were originally Lenape territory .  Theirs was a matrilineal culture.  "Lenapehoking" , their homeland,   was  an area along the mid-Atlantic coast between the Hudson and Delaware river valleys,  and their villages were scattered along the creeks and rivers of New Jersey,  southern New York, eastern Pennsylvania and northern Delaware.  Thus the eastern Pennsylvanian natives at time of contact  were members of this Algonquian language group, specifically those residing  along the Delaware River of Pennsylvania and the bay into which it emptied.  The Lenape are often referred to as The Delaware, a name  devoid of Native American influence. The name Delware derives from  the river shores and bay shores which they inhabited , called by  the English for England's explorer , the Lord de la Warr [hence, Delaware] who scouted tht area  in the early 1600s. "The People" or "Original People" are translations of the name Lenni Lenape. "The People" is a familiar translation of many natives peoples names for themselves, far beyond the spectrum of this particular group amongst them.  "Beginning in 1626, the [editor's note, very powerful ] Susquehannock attacked the Delaware and by 1630 had forced many of them either south into Delaware or across the river into New Jersey. The Dutch accepted the outcome, but when they began to trade with the Susquehannock, they were pleased to discover the Susquehannock (skilled hunters and trappers) had more (and better) furs than the  Delaware. By the time the Swedes made their first settlements on the Delaware River in 1638, the Delaware were entirely subject to the Susquehannock and needed permission from the "Minqua" to sign any treaties.".6  But the Susquehannock themselves were devasted by epidemic and war in the greatly influential period involved in  post European contact. Pennsylvania was the 12th of the original 13 colonies [Georgia being the last], and so, the natives of Pennsylvania had been exposed to other European cultures prior to the arrival of the British to the region and the regional aspect of the   Beaver Wars had already influenced Pennsylvania Native history.  By the time of Penn's arrival in 1682, when he sought treaties with the native peoples involved in his new acquisiton, he found the Susquehannock unwilling to sign treaty with him, saying they were subservient to the New York based Iroquois who were in large part responsible for the Susquehannock decimation.  The Lenape [otherwise known as the Delawre] did sign treaties with Penn, but they also are found later characterized as subservient to the  more powerful and far reaching Iroquois Nation who had "reduced the Lenni Lenape, or Delawares, to Iroqois vassalage and disarmed them. They welcomed William Penn peacefully, but more of their land was coveted. As their lands were seized, they moved to the recently-emptied Wyoming (along the Susquehanna near Wilkes-Barre), and finally west of the Alleghenies, as even these lands were taken. As they moved, the Delaware recovered their warrior skills to a great degree, becoming enemies of the British." 17 Some historians imply that the Lenape were subjugated along with and at the time of subjugation of their own previous subjugators the Susquehnnocks [ca 1660]  while others study the langauge and culture of the Lenape and Iroquois people involved and imply a misunderstanding of the term and use of the word "woman" used to describe the  Lenape relationship to the Iroquois, seeming to infer that the dominance of the Iroquois over the Lenape was never as entire as history has painted, and was instead the result of excellent diplomatic Iroquois skills in which the desires of that tribe were seen as more advantageous to the powers of Philadelphia than the desires and place  of the long term natives, the Lenape,  with whom William Penn first treated.  Penn described the Lenape in 1683 as "generally tall, straight, well built, and of singular proportion; they tread strong and clever, and mostly walk with a lofty chinÖ. Of complexion  black, but by design,Ö. They grease themselves with bear's fat clarified, and using no defense against the sun or weather, their skins must needs be swarthy." [Penn Entry in Entirity]. 1736 appears to be the year marking the Iroquois conquering of the Delaware, if not by war, then by stregnth of numbers and influence on the Pennsylvanian Colonial authority.   "Conrad Weiser learned, about 1 September [1736], that a group of Six Nations chiefs were on their way to Pennsylvania. They were guided to James Logan's home at Stenton where, 28 September, the treaty began. Franklin reported the presence of the Indians in the 7 October Gazette. The treaty continued at the Friends' Great Meeting House in Philadelphia and concluded on 14 October, with the two sides renewing the earlier treaty of friendship, 1732. A Treaty of Friendship held with the Chiefs of the Six Nations at Philadelphia (1737) was the first of a series of Indian treaties printed by Franklin. Then the chiefs met privately with John Penn . He reminded them that they had previously sold all the land along the Susquehanna and asked why they had lately laid claims to those lands. On 11 October the Indians confirmed the sale. The Gazette, 14 October, celebrated Pennsylvania's peaceful Indian policy. At Conrad Weiser's home, 25 October, the chiefs also sold land along the Delaware River below the Kittatinny Hills, and a group of four chiefs warned the Proprietors that the DelawareIndians no longer owned any land and were not to be trusted. " Year 1736.  part of the Ben Franklin a Documentary History by J A Leo Lemay , Professor University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.  "Occupying the area between northern Delaware and New York, the Lenape were not really a single tribe in 1600 but a set of independent villages and bands. There was no central political authority, and Lenape sachems, at best, controlled only a few villages usually located along the same stream. The three traditional Lenape divisions (Munsee,  Unami, and Unalactigo) were based on differences in dialect and location. There was, however, a common sense of being 'Lenape' from a shared system of three matrilineal clans which cut across their village and band organizations. Among the Unami and Unalactigo, the Turtle clan ranked first, followed by the Wolf and Turkey. The Munsee apparently only had Wolf and Turkey." 9  Reference to a  fourth band, the Crow, responsable for preparation of the dead and at the  bottom tier in social status, can be found in some sources. The Munsee are provided their own page in deference to the many historians who feel that they do not belong within the Delaware affliliation proper.  The three sub-tribes traditionally included in the Lenni Lenape Nation and referenced above  [with the Munsee being suggested inaccurately assigned to the mix by some scholars] are The Unami "Unami (Wename) "people down river" occupying " the northern two-thirds of New Jersey (including Staten Island) and  the adjoining portions of eastern Pennsylvania to just south of Philadelphia." These are the people with whom Penn first met in 1682.  See Treaties 1682-84 within this page The Unalactigo ""people near the ocean" inhabited both sides of the lower Delaware River below Philadelphia  including Delaware Bay in what would currently be northern Delaware, southeast Pennsylvania, and southern New Jersey." The Munsee  The Munsee or Minsi is a closely related group that also called itself Lenape.  These were "' people of the stoney country'" .....The northernmost group in traditional Lenape land, and "they occupied the headwaters of the Delaware River where Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York meet including the Catskill Mountains on the west side of the lower Hudson Valley. Four of the Munsee tribes were sometimes known collectively as the Esopus (Espachomy): Catskill, Mamekoting, Waranawonkong, and Wawarsink."9 These people are assigned their own dedicated page as "The Munsee have long been considered a splinter- or sub-group of the Delaware Nation. Both peoples originated in the Delaware and Hudson River Valleys where they had developed similar cultural traits. Due to this common background, the Munsee have not been treated separately in ethnological literature. On occasion the Munsee have been referred to as the most belligerent and conservative of all Delaware bands.'  The Munsee: Migration History and Ethnic Identity by Siegrun Kaiser, M.A, part of the Munsee History Forum pages.  "In 1600 the Delaware may have numbered as many as 20,000, but several wars and at least 14 separate epidemics reduced their population to around 4,000 by 1700 - the worst drops occurring between 1655 and 1670. Since the Delaware afterwards absorbed peoples from several other Algonquin-speaking tribes, this figure remained fairly constant until 1775. By 1845  it had fallen to combined total of about 2,000 Delaware and Munsee in both the United States and Canada. The 1910 census gave about the same result, but the current Delaware population has recovered to almost 16,000, most of whom live in Oklahoma. Nearly 10,000 Delaware are in eastern Oklahoma and, until very recently, were considered part of the Cherokee Nation. After a long struggle with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), they regained federal recognition in September, 1996 as the Delaware Tribe of Indians with their tribal offices in Bartlesville. The other federally recognized group is the Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma. Sometimes called the Absentee Delaware, its 1,000 members are descendants of a  Missouri-Texas splinter group, many of whom reside near of the tribal headquarters at Anadarko."9  Pennsylvania Mixed Iroquois-Delaware Villages               Chinklacamoose (Seneca), Goshgoshunk (Seneca-3), Hickorytown (Munsee), Jedakne, John's Town (Munsee),  Kickenapawling, Kittaning (Attigué) (Caughnawaga), Kushkuski (Kuskuski), Lawunkhannek (Seneca), Loyalhannon, Mahusquechikoken (Munsee-Seneca), Nescopeck (Shawnee), Ostonwackin (Cayuga-Oneida), Shamokin(Shawnee-Tutelo), Shenango (3), Sheshequin (Seneca), Skenandowa, Tioga, Venango(Seneca-Shawnee-Wyandot-Ottawa), Wyalusing (Munsee), and Wyoming (Munsee-Shawnee-Mahican-Nanticoke) 16 See The Current Number of Persons identified as Delaware [11,000] and the number of lpersons remaining speaking their language [one]  On to The Lenape Oral History and it Written Record, the Wallam Olum and The Treaties between the Penns, Penns Agents and the Lenape Treaties 1682-84 The Deeding of all the Lands West of the Susquehanna to the Setting Sun, 1727 The Walking Purchase 1737 and its Effects

 
The Lenni Lenape, and the Munsee or Minsi [ a closely related group that also called itself Lenape-see above]  were subjugated by the Susquehannock, but the Susquehannock fell to Iroquois dominance and were themselves subjugted.  In 1694, the Lenape and Munsee had been subjugated by the more powerful Iroquois Confederacy to the north. The story of this sad event , and hundreds of years of collective history before that ,  is told in their Wallam Olum, a remarkable historical text, given in 1820 by the last of its Lenape wards  to a Moravian Missionary who had long lived amongst them . The Wallum Olum  ["Red Record" in English and found spelled in a variety of ways] owes its name to the  red ochre paint used for its production, and the position of the color red as sacred among the people who created it. The Wallam Olum details  the history of the Lenni Lenape from creation story through migration across what sounds like the Berring Strait, and on to their settlement in the eastern now United States where the Europeans first encountered them; It is in essence a bible , genealogy, and history combined. While it is questionable that in fact it was centuries old at the time it was given to the Moravian, it never-the-less holds great significant historical importance, for it represents the oral tradition of the Lenni Lenape passed down through its story keepers through the generations, and an attempt to preserve that history at a time when the safekeeping of this record among the peoples it documented could no longer be assured. It is evident that ancient oral tradition abound within it. "By reviewing the text, the evolution of their  language is apparent. Certain lines and passages of archaic text were repeated and handed down from generation to generation. (McCutchen, pg. 6,15-16)" ¹⁵The Lenape , an  Algonquin speaking people, were referred to as grandfather by many Algonquin speaking tribes. One site discussing the Red Record purports that the creation story of the Wallum Olum, because it is shared by many other Native Americans,  furthers  the Lenape position as "founding fathers of: The Mohicans; the Nanticokes; the Shawnee; the Ojibwa; The Cree; the Powhatan; the Abenaki; the Massachusetts; the Blackfoot; the Cheyenne; the Munsees; the Yuroks; the Wiyots; the Algonkins; the Montagnais; the Arapahoe; the Menominee; the Potowatomi; the Ottowa; the Sauk; the Fox; the Nipmuc; the Narraganset; the Pequot; the Wampanoag; the Montauk; the Illinois; the Conoy, and surely many others not discovered, all of whom tell the same story of creation and migration, all of whom refer to the Lenni-Lenape as 'Grandfather', and all of whom defer to the Lenni-Lenape as their ancestral elders. " ¹⁴ Some historians  remark that portions of The Red Record relating the pre contact period  seem to have been  influenced by events and beliefs disclosed to the natives  in the post contact period making evaluation of what is actually unadulterated tribal history from that which is influenced by outsiders a matter of continued study.

Brinton, in his 1884 interpretation of the Wallam Olum, states that in essence and part the history describes  that "In the sixteenth century the Iroquois tribes seized and occupied the whole of the Susquehanna valley, thus cutting off the eastern from the western Algonkins, and ended by driving many of the Lenape from the west to the east bank of the Delaware"¹⁶

Use of the word woman by the Iroquois to describe the Lenape's status to them is known to have occured in the era of  The Walking Purchase, but it is the white civilization misunderstanding of the meaning of this term as utilized by the natives which has [mis]informed the relationship between the Iroquois, the Lenape, and more specifically the treaties that existed between Penn, Penn's agents, and the Lenape as signed by the Iroquois. The term "Woman" when utilized for the Lenni Lenape by the Iroquois referred to their role as "Peacekeeper" in  this dispute, an understanding often ignored or unreferenced when the treaties involving Lenni Lenape lands and the Iroquois signing off for them are discussed.  See ^{footnote one}

In the  the infamous  Walking Purchase ,  the honor and intent of William Penn was not maintained by his succesors or  their agent James Logan [ our direct via the Howard Ascendancy] who continued in the Penn family service after his first Penn employer William's death.  The Walking Purchase seriously alienated the Lenape both psychologically and physically from the whites with whom it was brokered, and the white frontier of Pennsylvania of the late 1740s and first half  of the 1750s  paid dearly for the abuse.  See Native American Actions in Pennsylvania during the French and Indian War, and the effect of the Walking Purchase on our forebears during that  frightening time of Pennsylvania's colonial history.

---

See Lenape and Munsee Indians above detailed  "Many diverse , small bands of Indians of the Algonquin langauge were living in their original milieu in Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, lower New York State and Connecticut at the time of European contact. They referred to themselves as Lenape" . 4 The name Delaware used to describe the Lenape is not native at all., deriving instead from the naming of the Delaware Bay and the large river emptying into it for England's Lord de la Warr who, in the early 1600s, scouted the area. While one site purports that " The Lenape  tribal council was composed of three sachems (captains), one each from the Turtle (Unami), Turkey (Unalachtego), Wolf  (Munsi) clans with the "head chief" almost always being a member of the Turtle Clan" .5 the  organization of these people appears to be more social than political, and the clans [turtle, turkey and wolf]  in fact cut through tribe and band organization, being based on matrilineal affiliation. [See Lee Sultzman's study on the Delaware Indian]  Being the region's easternmost people, the Lenape early suffered for European contact.  The Map at Left  from the Lenni Lenape webpages, shows this tribes migration pattern from the time of European contact to the present day, and from the lands of their ancestors to the lands of reservations far to the west.  "Ina private, religious ceremony held May 1, 2003 on Ellis Island, located  in New York City, an entourage of Delaware Tribal members consisting of  tribal elders, and elected leaders gathered with representatives from the  National Park Service and Native American Graves Protection and  Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) delegates to interment bone fragments of those  individuals that had been stored in a filing cabinet for nearly 16 years....Dramatically enough, having millions of immigrants pass through this  Immigration Station to start their new lives in America, it was remarkably  noted that such a place had been built on top of a Native American site,  as well as a Native American graveyard.....Archaeologists had confirmed that several of the remains were linked to  the nearby prehistoric shell middens, pottery and flake fragments that had  been recovered beneath the basement floor of the building. Linguistic and  geographical evidence identify that Lenape/Delaware were the only Native  American groups historically associated with that particular region" From Ancestral Delaware Remains Finally Laid to Rest By Fawn Wilson Pooacha Delaware Indian News Special Report July 2003 from the National Association of Tribal Historic Preservation Officers pages

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Treaties 1682-84 William Penn sought , and obtained, treaties with the  native Lenape  immediately upon acquisition of the colony. He sought a treaty with the Susquehannock,  but found they were subjugated by the Iroquois.  Map Image below from Penn and the Indians page of comprehensive website entitled " William Penn. Visionary Proprietor"  by  Tuomi J. Forrest "Initially, Penn dealt with the Unami (Turtle Totem) Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe when he came to Pennsylvania, and the                 Delaware Chief, Tammany, played a prominent role in the early treaties negotiated with Penn. Although the real Tammany's                 mark appeared on only two treaties (June 23, 1683 and June 15, 1692), he was destined to become a legendary figure in                 united States and Pennsylvania history and folklore.[6] Tradition has it that Tammany's name meant "the affable" and that                 he was one of the Delaware Indians who welcomed William Penn on his arrival in America, October 27, 1682.[7] By July                 6, 1694 in a meeting between the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania and a delegation of Indians, Tammany had become a                 strong supporter of the whites and their policies.[8] From these facts and folklore, a legendary Tammany was constructed                 in the early eighteenth century that was the white man's friend and counselor. " from AN AMERICAN SYNTHESIS                                                                                         The Sons of St. Tammany                                                                                              or Columbian Order

This portion of Penna history involves the Unami (Turtle Totem)  of the Lenape (or Delaware) tribe ,  the first visit of  William Penn to Pennsylvania,  and the Delaware Chief among them , Tammanyfootnote two. Tammany is the Chief who sold Manhattan for the famous beads-not to the Dutch, but to the English in 1682.  Swanton writes that in that year  "the most notable event in Delaware history took place .... when these Indians held their first council with William Penn at what is now Germantown, Philadelphia.1" .

Penn came twice to his colony, and never tarried long within it.  His first voyage was in the fall of 1682, and he left in August of 1684. He returned for a short spell in 1692, and at that time was accompanied by  James Logan [our direct via the Howard Ascendancy] , a man of modest means who gained employment as Penn's secretary,  functioned as steward of Pennsylvania on behalf of Penn in Penn's absence, and grew to be the wealthiest man in all the colonies at his zenith.  It is during Penn's first  visit to his colony that Penn supposedly signed a treaty with the Lenni Lenape Indians at Shackamaxon.  No copy of this agreement exists, but there is a wampum belt that is said to have been given to Penn by the natives at this time. Colonial Historian "Francis Jennings believes that Penn signed the treaty and never broke it, but that his less scrupulous successors destroyed the document, presumably so that they could renege on its provisions."3. The earliest treaty document to which we can actually refer is the Treaty dated July 15, 1682 , in which Penn brokered with Idquahon and several others amongst the Lenape leadership for land pertaining to them.  In 1683 he brokered more land transactions with these native peoples, while evidencing undertanding of the Lenape and the Iroqois Confederacy of New York to whom the Lenape were subjugated.  "The treaty of 1701 is both the first full treaty text that remains extant (there exist parts of earlier ones), and the last agreement brokered directly by Penn rather than his agents. It also capped a major power play: 'It conveyed land, controlled trade, and arranged juridical relationships, all at the expense of New York and New York's partners, the Iroquois Five Nations' (Jennings 205). As he had done before, Penn rewarded 'his' Indians. His policies helped make Pennsylvania, in the words of the missionary John Heckewelder, 'the last, delightful asylum' for Native Americans (Jennings, 207). Penn's successors were much less fair and scrupulous in dealing with the Indians. The ink was barely dry on the 1701 treaty when Penn's secretary and family steward, James Logan , began to devise ways to reclaim land set aside for the Susquehannocks and the Delaware. "3

Footnote Two: "Initially, Penn dealt with the Unami (Turtle Totem) Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe when he came to Pennsylvania, and the Delaware Chief, Tammany, played a prominent role in the early treaties negotiated with Penn. Although the real  Tammany's mark appeared on only two treaties (June 23, 1683 and June 15, 1692), he was destined to become a legendary  figure in United States and Pennsylvania history and folklore.[6] Tradition has it that Tammany's name  meant "the affable" and that he was one of the Delaware Indians who welcomed William Penn on his arrival in  America, October 27, 1682.[7] By July 6, 1694 in a meeting between the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania and a delegation of Indians, Tammany had become a strong supporter of the whites and their policies.[8] From these  facts and folklore, a legendary Tammany was   constructed in the early eighteenth century that was the white  man's friend and counselor. " From AN AMERICAN SYNTHESIS The Sons of St. Tammany or Columbian Order . [ the footnotes as evident in the text takent from "an American Synthesis" can be accessed at the link given in source]

The Walking Purchase 1738
Image from the Lenni Lenape webpages

See Text Version of the Walking Purchase  Signed by [among others]  James Logan, and Wm. Logan discussed in the Logan Family Pages  aaa

n 1732, William Penn's son, Thomas, inherited the deed to the Commonwealth of  Pennsylvania, which at the time stretched from the Delaware River westward to the  Susquehanna River, and from the Maryland and Delaware borders northward to roughly    the base of Blue Mountain.....To expand the state, Penn met with Delaware Indians in Philadelphia and produced a                    deed from 1686 which stated that the Delaware Indians sold the white settlers all the land                    west of the Delaware River, north as far as a man could walk in a day and a half. The                    Indians were puzzled, held a powwow and eventually agreed to the terms of the deed.  Over 100 years later, experts examined the Deed of 1686 and found that it was in fact a                    forgery. Three runners prepared and a path was cleared through the forest. At the end of the race, The Deed of 1686 set the limits of the purchase at right angles to the line of the walk,                    giving the colonists 1,200 square miles of the Poconos.  http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/classic/A219070 As the colony sought for expansion beyond the territory deeded to Penn by the Indians initially,  clear title from the Indians to the land in the upper Delaware and Lehigh River valleys was sought.  The Walking Purchase of 1737, for whom our direct ancestor James Logan is primarily responsible, abused the Lenape residing in the region in both the manipulation of Indian alliances forcing the treaty from tthem, and trickery deceiving them in the amount of  land involved in the treaty itself. The map at left shows the territory pre and post walking purchase and is again from the Lenni Lenape webpages.  Against the wishes of the increasingly confined Lenape, the 6 nations of the Iroquois, to whom the Lenape were subservient, signed a deed giving up Lenape interest in the area. Without support from the more powerful Iroquois, the Lenape capitulated on Aug 25, 1737, agreeing to the deed, and  to a Walking Purchase  [land walked in a specific time frame and a form of land measurement well understood by the Native Americans ] to determine the land involved.  .  But Logan  utilized runners well trained in the paths utilized  instead of walkers, and he captured, just as he intended, far more territory than that which the Lenape understood to be anticipated of the agreement.  The Lenape called the whole thing a fraud, complaining the white men didn't "walk fair".  They refused to leave, and the Iroquois were called upon by the colonial government to enforce the agreement signed by that nation. The Iroquois served the white man's purpose as requested in 1741  at which time most of the Lenape went to western Pennsylvania. It is during this interval where much discussion of the Iroquois reference to the Lenape as "Women" occurs-This concept, far from being disempowering, made reference to the Lenape as "Peacekeepers" , a concept often lost on white scholars studying this event. See Footnote One Forced to now western Pennsylvania,   the Lenape were welcomed by the French, intent on establishing ownership of the Ohio and Allegheny River Valleys and who , by 1748,  were deeply involved in dispute with the Virginia based Ohio Company [with which organization Virginian George Washington became milatarily involved]   for dominance in the region.  As a result of the collective history above, the Lenape  Indians, known as the Delawares to the colonials, were among the firecest in the raids on the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania occuring during the French and Indian War.In the short period between 1748 and 1756, the French used the Indians as a devestating and effective  tool against the British.  Adams County, at that time still part of York, was greatly affected by these raids, as were its frontier neighbors.

Sources for This Page:
 

1. State Museum of Pennsylvania. Brief Summary of the 1681 Charter.

2. From York County History Pages of York County Webpages.
3. Penn and the Indians page of site entitled " William Penn. Visionary Proprietor"  by  Tuomi J. Forrest

4 Indians, Sources, Critics by Will J. Alpern (Prudential-Bache Securities). Presented at the 5th Cooper Seminar, James Fenimore Cooper: His Country and His Art at the State University of New York College at Oneonta, July, 1984. ©1985 by State University of New York College at Oneonta ["may be downloaded and reproduced for personal or instructional use, or by libraries" ] Originally published in James Fenimore Cooper: His Country and His Art, Papers from the 1984 Conference at State University of  New York College -- Oneonta and Cooperstown. George A. Test, editor. (pp. 25-33)

5. Kittanning-pa.com

6.  SUSQUEHANNOCK HISTORYpart of First Nations, Issues of Conesquence pages. Lee Sultzman
 

7. SUSQUEHANNOCK HISTORY, Lee Sultzman. Part of First Nations Histories
8.Information on the Susquehannock Indians from Pagewise

9.  Delaware History by Lee Sultzman.. Part of First Nations Histories

10. Where are the Susquehannock now?  part of the pages of BrokenClaw.com

12. Native Americans Post Contact:, from The Mariners Museum, Newport News, Va pages

13. .  Internet School Library Media Center, Monacan Indians page.

14. AN AMERICAN SYNTHESIS The Sons of St. Tammany or Columbian Order . [ the footnotes evident in the text takent from "an American Synthesis" can be accessed at the link given in source

15. Iroquois . By: Joe Wagner, with references provided.

16. The Iroquois. by Lee Sultzman. Part of First Nations Histories

17 William Henry Harrison and the West  , part of Dr James B. Calvert's pages at University of Denver Website.
At the time of Penn's arrival in 1682, the Susquehannock were subservient to the Iroquois Confederacy, just as their enemies and neighbors, the Delaware , were. The Susquehannock were decimated by war and disease, but the Lenape remained vital.

18. Shawnee's Reservation  a detailed site on Shawnee History

19. Shawnee History by Lee Sultzman. . Part of First Nations Histories

20. Marjorie Hudson, Among the Tuscarora: The Strange and Mysterious Death of John Lawson, Gentleman, Explorer, and Writer,  North Carolina Literary Review, 1992 [transcribed at East North Carolina Digital History Exhibits]

21. Chief Logan: Friend, Foe or Fiction?  by Ronald R. Wenning.  The Journal of the Lycoming County Historical Society, Volume XXXVII, Number 1, Fall, 1997

22. Mingo Indians part of The Allegheny Regional Family History Society's Web pages

23. Weiser, Shikellamy and the Walking Purchase By  Al Zagofsky
 

24. Conrad Weiser from the   Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission

25. The Walking Purchase from   Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission

26. James Logan , Mingo Indian from The American National Biography, published by Oxford University Press under the auspices
 of the American Council of Learned Societies.

27. The Lineage of Mother Bedford from Mother Bedford ,  a website devoted primarily to the history of Old-Bedford County, Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War period.
28.   Year 1736.  part of the webpage entitled "Ben Franklin :A  Documentary History"  by J A Leo Lemay , English Department , Professor University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.

29. Shawnee' entry from Hodge's Handbook Abstract: The 'Shawnee' entry from Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, edited by Frederick
Webb Hodge (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 30. GPO: 1910.)

30. sample chapter of At the Crossroads  Indians and Empires on a Mid-Atlantic Frontier, 1700-1763
by Jane T. Merritt [book content , availability and sample chapter  viewable and obtained via The University of North Carolina Press]

31.  Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission  . PENNSYLVANIA STATE HISTORY PENNSYLVANIA ON THE EVE OF COLONIZATION
 
 
 

Not sure where I use the following here: numbered 1 like 1 above, but not used so far that I can see, and if so, should have another number

1. (New Jersey) Extract from  The Indian Tribes of North America  by John R. Swanton.  Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145ó1953. [726 pagesóSmithsonian Institution] (pp. 48-55). Presented in pages of the Northern Plains Archive Project web site.
 
 

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